Thứ Năm, 18 tháng 5, 2017

CentOS Linux 7 xRDP (Linux RDP

CentOS Linux 7 xRDP (Linux RDP)

----
CentOS Linux 7 xRDP  (Linux RDP遠端桌面)
----
# 安裝 nux repo source 及 epel REPO
[root@hnamenode2 ~]# yum install epel-release -y
[root@hnamenode2 ~]# rpm -Uvh http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el7/x86_64/nux-dextop-release-0-1.el7.nux.noarch.rpm

# 安裝 xrdp
[root@hnamenode2 ~]# yum -y install xrdp tigervnc-server

# 啟動 xrdp
[root@hnamenode2 ~]#  systemctl restart xrdp.service

# 觀看啟動的狀態
[root@hnamenode2 ~]# netstat -antup | grep xrdp
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:3350          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      31816/xrdp-sesman
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:3389            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      31817/xrdp

# xrdp 預設啟動
[root@hnamenode2 ~]#  systemctl enable xrdp.service
ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/xrdp.service' '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/xrdp.service'

# 設定 selinux 給予權限
[root@hnamenode2 ~]# chcon --type=bin_t /usr/sbin/xrdp
[root@hnamenode2 ~]# chcon --type=bin_t /usr/sbin/xrdp-sesman

Thứ Hai, 12 tháng 10, 2015

Change ubuntu Resolution

Change ubuntu Resolution

You basically need the Guest additions, log into the Virtual Machine to install the following packages:
sudo apt-get install virtualbox-guest-dkms \
virtualbox-guest-utils virtualbox-guest-x11

If it has error:
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
virtualbox-guest-x11 : Depends: xorg-video-abi-11
                    Depends: xserver-xorg-core (>= 2:1.10.99.901)
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
Using this command:

I did sudo apt-get remove libcheese-gtk23, then sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-coreand finally sudo apt-get install -f virtualbox-guest-x11. It solved problems for me

Thứ Sáu, 31 tháng 7, 2015

SDN Lesson Introduction to Mininet



Intro

Welcome to a new series of articles that will be structured as lessons with the target of bringing SDN closer to everyone’s understanding.
Each article will present a topic plus one or more exercises that will show that topic in action. The lessons will wrap up with some questions asking the readers to exercise on their own and provide the answers. As you see, the approach is pretty similar to the networking quizzes, but with SDN ones, I also make an introduction to the topic since all this is relatively new.
When I started my personal SDN journey, it was difficult to find a place to start, so I began reading articles, viewing presentations or listening to different videos, all trying to demonstrate (mostly theoretically) the advantages, the applications or limitations of this new technology.
I am a person who learns best by “doing”, by individual testing, so I have decided to start these articles in order to help other network engineers with their beginnings in SDN.
In parallel, I will continue my series of network quizzes and solutions, hoping that time will allow me to do so…
Having started treating SDN topics clearly shows that I believe in this new approach in networking ! Of course, there are a lot of presentations about SDN and OpenFlow, all discussing their benefits and application in todays networks, but one of the arguments that convinced me was an analogy to the computer industry evolution from vertically integrated, closed, proprietary, relatively slow innovation, specialized-hardware, specialized-feature systems to horizontal, open interface, rapid innovation ones.
sdn_analogy_with_computer_evolution_2
[1] Taken from Nick McKeown’s presentation “How SDN will shape networking”

What is Software Defined Networking (SDN)?

SDN (Software Defined Networking) is a network architecture that breaks the vertical integration by separating the control logic (control plane) from the underlying routers and switches that will become simple forwarding elements (data plane).
The key terms to remember about SDN (four pillars) are:[2]
  • 1. the control and data planes are decoupled.
  • 2. forwarding decisions are flow-based instead of destination-based
  • 3. control logic is moved to an external entity, called SDN controller or NOS (Network Operatying System)
  • 4. network is programmable through applications running on top of the controller (the fundamental characteristic of SDN)
In order to put all the theory into practice, we will use Mininet, a virtual network environment that runs on a single machine and provides many of the OpenFlow features built-in. Mininet will emulate an entire network of switches, virtual hosts (running standard Linux software), the links between them and, optionally, a SDN controller (I will talk in details about the SDN controller and OpenFlow in future articles).
The switches generated with Mininet will be just simple forwarding devices, without any “brain” of their own (no control plane). The new networking paradigm with SDN is: control plane is separated from the data plane so such switches will only do what they are instructed by an external controller. Whenever a switch (or a forwarding device, generally speaking) does not know how to deal with some packets, it will simply send them to the controller (or contact the controller referrencing some buffer-ids – more on this later on).
Mininet supports research, development, learning, prototyping, testing, debugging, and any other tasks that could benefit from having a complete experimental network on a laptop or other PC.[2]
This may require a little bit of programming knowledge (Python), but you can also get it along the way..

Installing and Running Mininet

The installation of Mininet is pretty straight forward – in summary:
The default run of Mininet sudo mn will create a topology consisting of one controller (c0), one switch (s1) and two hosts (h1 and h2).
To help you start up, here are the most important options for running Mininet:
  • --topo=TOPO represents the topology of the virtual network, where TOPO could be:
    • minimal – this is the default topology with 1 switch and 2 hosts
    • single,X – a single switch with X hosts attached to it
    • linear,X – creates X switches connected in a linear/daisy-chain fashion, each switch with one host attached
    • tree,X – a tree topology with X fanout
  • --switch=SWITCH creates different type of switches, such as:
    • ovsk – this is the default Open vSwitch that comes preinstalled in the VM
    • user – this is a switch running in software namespace (much slower)
  • --controller=CONTROLLER where CONTROLLER can be:
    • ovsc – this creates the default OVS Controller that comes preinstalled in the VM
    • nox – this creates the well-known NOX controller
    • remote – does not create a controller but instead listens for connections from external controllers
  • --mac set easy-to-read MAC addresses for the devices
For our exercise, we will create a virtual network with one switch and 3 hosts, using the command shown below:
lesson-1_2
For the moment, we will not touch the topic of SDN controller (that’s for next articles) so our test network will have no controller. For such a switch to be able to forward traffic, it needs to be told how to handle the flows (flows is again a topic for future articles).
In order to “control” the switch (add and view the status of the flows on the switch) we will use an utility called DPCTL that allows direct control and visibility over switch’s flow table without the need to add debugging code to the controller. Most OpenFlow switches have a passive listening port running on TCP 6634 (by default) that can be used to poll flows and counters or to manually insert flow entries. Do not confuse the dpctl utility with a controller (it’s not the same thing)!
You can use this utility directly under the mininet prompt or in a separate console by connecting to the listening port as indicated below:
dpctl COMMAND tcp:127.0.0.1:6634 OPTIONS where COMMAND can be:
  • show
  • dump-flows
  • add-flow
In our first exercise, let’s configure our virtual network in order to make host h1 to successfully ping host h2. Follow these steps:
STEP 1: Start Mininet with a single switch (the default, Open vSwitch = ovsk) and 3 hosts:
mininet@mininet-vm:~$ sudo mn --topo=single,3 --mac --switch=ovsk --controller=remote
*** Creating network
*** Adding controller
Unable to contact the remote controller at 127.0.0.1:6633
*** Adding hosts:
h1 h2 h3
*** Adding switches:
s1
*** Adding links:
(h1, s1) (h2, s1) (h3, s1)
*** Configuring hosts
h1 h2 h3
*** Starting controller
*** Starting 1 switches
s1
*** Starting CLI:
mininet>
mininet> nodes
available nodes are:
c0 h1 h2 h3 s1
mininet>
mininet>
mininet> net
h1 h1-eth0:s1-eth1
h2 h2-eth0:s1-eth2
h3 h3-eth0:s1-eth3
s1 lo:  s1-eth1:h1-eth0 s1-eth2:h2-eth0 s1-eth3:h3-eth0
c0
mininet>
mininet> dump
<Host h1: h1-eth0:10.0.0.1 pid=9730>
<Host h2: h2-eth0:10.0.0.2 pid=9731>
<Host h3: h3-eth0:10.0.0.3 pid=9732>
<OVSSwitch s1: lo:127.0.0.1,s1-eth1:None,s1-eth2:None,s1-eth3:None pid=9735>
<RemoteController c0: 127.0.0.1:6633 pid=9723>
mininet>
Note that I used “nodes” (list of all virtual devices in my topology), “net” (list of all links) and “dump” (Process-IDs and other info) to double-check that everything started correctly.
STEP 2: Open terminals for each host and run tcpdump on each host
Attention: for Windows users, make sure you installed & run Xming, plus you enabled X-forwarding in your putty!
STEP 3: Test connectivity between h1 and h2: on host h1 perform a “ping -c3 10.0.0.2” (the IP address of host h2)
sdn-lesson-1-no-flows
Results:
  • ping will fail, because the switch does NOT know what to do with such traffic (and remember, we don’t run any controller)
  • checking the list of flows on the switch will show an empty list (again, nobody told the switch how to deal with the flows/traffic)
STEP 4: Manually add flows on the switch to allow connectivity between h1 and h2
Use the dpctl utility to manually install flows on the switch that will allow connectivity between host h1 and host h2.
Attention: we need two rules to achieve a bidirectional connectivity (echo request and echo replies):
sdn-lesson-1-dpctl-add-flow>
The 2 commands basically say:
  • dpctl add-flow tcp:127.0.0.1:6634 in_port=1,actions=output:2 = everything received on port 1 (in_port) send out on port 2
  • dpctl add-flow tcp:127.0.0.1:6634 in_port=2,actions=output:1 = everything received on port 2 (return traffic) send out on port 1
Result:
  • ping is successful
  • tcpdump on host h2 shows the traffic from/to h1 (ARP and ICMP)
  • tcpdump on host h3 does not see anything (not even the ARP which should be broadcast)!

SDN Exercise #1

The first exercise in the SDN series will use the above setup, but with the additional requirement of treating ARP traffic as broadcast:
  • ARP requests (no matter input port) are flooded on all switch ports
  • ICMP traffic between hosts h1 and h2 is unicasted on the relevant ports
What are the relevant dpctl add-flow commands to achieve this?[4]

Post your answer in the ‘Comments’ section below and subscribe to this blog to get more interesting SDN lessons and quizzes.
After completing this exercise, you should be able to see this:
sdn-lesson-1-target
– ARP request from host h1 are received by both h2 and h3 (highlighted in green)
– ICMP echo requests from host h1 to h2 are only seen by h2 (highlighted in yellow)
References:
- See more at: http://www.costiser.ro/2014/08/07/sdn-lesson-1-introduction-to-mininet/#What_is_Software_Defined_Networking_SDN

(http://www.costiser.ro/)

Thứ Năm, 30 tháng 7, 2015

1.14. Importing and exporting virtual machines

VirtualBox can import and export virtual machines in the industry-standard Open Virtualization Format (OVF).[6]
OVF is a cross-platform standard supported by many virtualization products which allows for creating ready-made virtual machines that can then be imported into a virtualizer such as VirtualBox. VirtualBox makes OVF import and export easy to access and supports it from the Manager window as well as its command-line interface. This allows for packaging so-called virtual appliances: disk images together with configuration settings that can be distributed easily. This way one can offer complete ready-to-use software packages (operating systems with applications) that need no configuration or installation except for importing into VirtualBox.

Note

The OVF standard is complex, and support in VirtualBox is an ongoing process. In particular, no guarantee is made that VirtualBox supports all appliances created by other virtualization software. For a list of known limitations, please see Chapter 14,Known limitations.
Appliances in OVF format can appear in two variants:
  1. They can come in several files, as one or several disk images, typically in the widely-used VMDK format (see Section 5.2, “Disk image files (VDI, VMDK, VHD, HDD)”) and a textual description file in an XML dialect with an .ovf extension. These files must then reside in the same directory for VirtualBox to be able to import them.
  2. Alternatively, the above files can be packed together into a single archive file, typically with an .ova extension. (Such archive files use a variant of the TAR archive format and can therefore be unpacked outside of VirtualBox with any utility that can unpack standard TAR files.)
To import an appliance in one of the above formats, simply double-click on the OVF/OVA file.[7] Alternatively, select "File" -> "Import appliance" from the Manager window. In the file dialog that comes up, navigate to the file with either the .ovf or the .ova file extension.
If VirtualBox can handle the file, a dialog similar to the following will appear:
This presents the virtual machines described in the OVF file and allows you to change the virtual machine settings by double-clicking on the description items. Once you click on "Import", VirtualBox will copy the disk images and create local virtual machines with the settings described in the dialog. These will then show up in the Manager's list of virtual machines.
Note that since disk images tend to be big, and VMDK images that come with virtual appliances are typically shipped in a special compressed format that is unsuitable for being used by virtual machines directly, the images will need to be unpacked and copied first, which can take a few minutes.
For how to import an image at the command line, please see Section 8.10, “VBoxManage import”.
Conversely, to export virtual machines that you already have in VirtualBox, select "File" -> "Export appliance". A different dialog window shows up that allows you to combine several virtual machines into an OVF appliance. Then, select the target location where the target files should be stored, and the conversion process begins. This can again take a while.
For how to export an image at the command line, please see Section 8.11, “VBoxManage export”.

Note

OVF cannot describe snapshots that were taken for a virtual machine. As a result, when you export a virtual machine that has snapshots, only the current state of the machine will be exported, and the disk images in the export will have a "flattened" state identical to the current state of the virtual machine.

Install Teamviewer on Ubuntu

How do I install TeamViewer on my Ubuntu system?

To install TeamViewer on your Ubuntu system, follow these steps:
  1. Download the TeamViewer full version under http://www.teamviewer.com/download.
  2. Open the teamviewer_linux.deb file with a double click.
    • The TeamViewer installation package will open in the Ubuntu Software Center.
  3. Click on the Install button.
    • The Authenticate dialog box will open.
  4. Enter the administrative password.
  5. Click on the Authenticate button.
    • TeamViewer will be installed.
    • The status within the Ubuntu Software Center changes to Installed.
  6. TeamViewer is installed on your Ubuntu system

Thứ Ba, 2 tháng 6, 2015

Cam 4-7 question and answer.

   



第一单元  替换规则

第二单元  核心考点


















求同

Temporal lobes become active too.
But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge and in many other brain areas. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2]

Sensors will be used in the future by Australians.
With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run.

A competition model help an athlete plan their performance in an event.
Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a 'competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

Modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant effect on trade as the business of moving freight around the world becomes increasingly streamlined.
To see how this influences trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2]

A recent survey found that in British secondary schools there was less bullying than in primary schools.
There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-31 ]

Radar and sonar are based on similar    
But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-12]

Higher incomes need not mean more cars.
here is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-3]

In Tarkovsky's opinion, the attraction of the cinema is that it illustrates the passing of time.
For Tarkovsky, the key to that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real objective flow of time was captured. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-11 ]

The attraction of actors in films.
The 'star' was another natural consequence of cinema.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-5 ]

Establish targets and give feedback.
The literature on goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-14 ]

Match rewards to individuals.
Since employees have different needs, what acts as reinforcement for one may not for another. Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalize the rewards over which they have control. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-16 ]

The Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to teach large numbers of illiterate men and women to read and write.
By 1985, about 300,000 illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom had never attended primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers.[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-14 ]

The most important step is for the school authorities to produce a policy which makes the school's attitude towards bullying quite clear.
Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what record will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-35 ]

The ability actually comes from perceiving echoes through the ears.
The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-7]

However, even before this was understood, the principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculated the depth of the seabed.
Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-8]

This was followed by a wartime application in devices for finding submarines.
After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-9]

Early military uses of echolocation.
Both sides in the Second World War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (Armenian) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-5]

Scientists' call for a revision of policy.
At the outset of the new millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is beginning to change. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-17]

Lozanov claims that teachers should train students to thinks about something other than the curriculum content.
Lozanov therefore made indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. In suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from the curriculum to focus on something peripheral.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-30]

However, Lozanov admits that a certain amount of rituals is necessary in order to convince students, even if this is just a placebo.
Lozanov acknowledges that the ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the reserve capacity of their brains. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-37-38]

The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.
Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks? [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-4]

Professor Pretty wants the government to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a “Greener Food Standard”.
He is recommending the immediate introduction of a "Greener Food Standard", which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-25]

The improvement of secondary roads and paths was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.
Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-38]

The ants cultivate a large number of different species of edible fungi which convert     into a form which they can digest.
Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-7]

Dental evidence.
There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-19]

The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.
A general declaration was made that a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-33]

Gharib and Grall tested their theory before applying it.
Earlier this year, the team put Clemmons's unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-squaremetre rectangular nylon sail. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-7]

The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones.
So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. "Whether they actually did is another matter: Gharib says. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-7]

As a result of the collapse of the salmon runs in 1999, the state decided to close down all fisheries.
The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the elnino/lanina phenomenon on Pacific (ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen).  It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-25]

The problems associated with exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop.
Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-37]

Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behavior which can still be observed a year later.
A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al. 1981).[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-36]

In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a dictionary. Having rented a garret, he took on a number of copying clerks who stood at a long central desk.
James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-4]

Johnson did not have a     available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40.000 words written down in 80 large notebooks.
The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), John6son wrote the definitions of over 40.000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-5]

Johnson's Dictionary took into account subtitles of meaning.
He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically; as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-3]

The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether punishment helps learning.
Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-20]

A biological explanation of the teacher-subjects behavior.
One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram's teacher subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shock. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-14]

The general aim of socio-biological study.
This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology - to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction at animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-18]


The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to meet their readers' expectations.
A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more curious about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-36]

Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.
Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punch-line. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-16]

Chimpanzees make particular noise when they are playing.
Chimpanzees have a 'play-face' - a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-20]

One of the brain's most difficult tasks is to respond instantly to whatever is happening.
Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-24]

This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the    set about developing English.
Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 32]

The 'Missouri' programmer supplied many forms of support and training to parents
The 'Missouri' programmer involved trained parent educators visiting the parents' home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-8]

Water is pumped from the irrigation canals into the lagoons.
The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-23]

However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter    unexpectedly.
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-19]

The frequency with which such problems occur is     by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals cannot be detected without sophisticate equipment.
But he insists that cases are few and far between. 'It’s a very rare phenomenon,' he says.
Others disagree. 'On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,' says Barrie Josie. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-23]


Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the   of plants in forestry and horticulture.
Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-40]

A reference to the exchange of expertise between different sports.
AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one – such as building muscle strength in golfers – to others. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

Cells focus on   because food is in short supply.
Another hypothesis suggests that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and reproduction. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-40]

Children who are bullied may have difficulty forming relationships in later life.
Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-32 ]

Effective work can also be done with individual pupils and small groups. For example, potential victims of bullying can be trained to be more self-confident.
There are also ways of working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3 -38]

City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.
Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence - the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialized chambers and tunnels. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-2]

Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks. 
The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-35]

Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.
For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-28]

Desert annuals respond to   as a signal for reproduction.
Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favorable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-38]

Plants that flower when days are long often depend on insects to help them reproduce.
Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects or a long period of seed ripening. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-37]

Reasons why an education programmer failed
Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-3]

All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.
The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-35]

Resources should be allocated to research into tree diseases.
The fifth resolution are launched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Euro Silva. Euro Silva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-38]

Research is to be better coordinated throughout Europe.
Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonizing activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-39]

It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.
The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-1]

More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.
During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-18]

Biologists have the authority to stop people fishing for sport.
The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-22]

In September 2000, the MSC allowed seven Alaska salmon companies to label their products using the MSC logo.
In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products; [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-26]

An explanation for reduced water use.
(G) What explains this remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for water use. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-19]


One effect of chemicals on water sources.
Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertilizer and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertilizer run-off. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-17]

Noise affects a subject's capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.
Similarly, noise did not affect a subject's ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass. 1970). [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-40]

The explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment.
Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-15]

Applications of AI have already had a degree of success.
But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake, HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discover. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-35]

Research shows that promotion works.
Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and patients to become loyal to a product.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-6 ]

The writer express concern about the selection of areas to research.
One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-33]

Information is to be systematically gathered on any decline in the condition of forests.
That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policymaking. The first proposes the extension and systematization of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-34]

Lozanov's theory claims that, when we try to remember things unimportant details are the easiest to recall.
Besides the laboratory evidence for this, we know from our experience that we often remember what we have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to learn. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-28]

Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.
For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aero plane pilot or an air traffic controller (Broadbent. 1957). [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-39]

The word "echolocation" was first used by someone working as a   .
The American zoologist Donald Grimwho was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term echolocation to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-13]

Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby nations.
Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbors. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-21]

A successful exercise in people power.
 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-1]

In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number was necessary in order to fulfill a civic role.
The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine! [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-29 ]

Link rewards to achievement.
Managers need to make rewards contingent on performance. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-17 ]

In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a phantom arm or leg might be felt.
Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the fron

取反

Understanding of climate change remains limited.
There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-32]

How some AIS ideas have been reproduced?
Of course, there's nothing to stop other countries copying – and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes.[ Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1-4]

The similar cost involved in transporting a product from abroad or from a local supplier.
Computer manufacturers in Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-16]

Regular amounts of exercise may help prevent mental decline.
Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-24]

Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent
misunderstanding of expressions of number.
But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-34 ]

Not many people are likely to find a caloric-restricted diet attractive.
Few mortals could stick to chat harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-30]

Control monkeys produced greater quantities of insulin.
The monkey projects demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally, caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain hormones that tend to fall with age. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-37]

Control monkeys experienced more chronic disease.
Further, it has recently been shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended time(nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-34]

Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment.
Rarely do patient nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company' logo. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-11 ]

How early mammals avoided dying out.
In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-2]

A surprising downward trend in demand for water.
Fortunately - and unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-18]

In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are similar to those used in conventional classes.
Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students are stimulated to recall the material presented. Such methods are not unusual in language teaching. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-33]

Floors fitting loosely over each other.
More surprising is the fact that the individual storey of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, is not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-10]

The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.
Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot, 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and traveling to grinding mills. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3]

 The isolation of Makete for part of the year was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved.
The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-39]

In noise experiments, Glass and Singer found that bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term.
For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-28]

Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to interfere with the successful performance of a single task.
But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-29]

Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.
He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-13]

Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.
On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in tile town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analyzed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2]

Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolia's seasonal rhythm.
Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifalia on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-32]

In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter lives than rats on a low calorie.
Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-32]

When cinema first began, people thought that its future was uncertain.
Cinema has also given a new lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how it would be used. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-12 ]

概括

An explanation of how visual imaging is employed in investigations.
It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer's performance into factors that can be analyzed individually. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

The effects of the introduction of electronic delivery.
Computer software can be 'exported' without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over telephone lines from one country to another. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-15]

Imported produce is particularly expensive.
It would cost a family around £7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-40]

A developed system of numbering was necessary when people began farming.
As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-27 ]

It is important to understand how the first audiences reacted to the cinema.
But it is worth trying, for to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-6 ]

How cinema teaches us about other cultures.
For cinema makes the world smaller. Long before people traveled to America or anywhere else, they knew what other places looked like; they know how other people worked and lived. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-4]

Gifts include financial incentives
But on any given day what Schaefer can offer is typical for today's drugs rep - a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small county, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the drug's profile. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-2]

Interrupting a natural process
Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-14]

How Al could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronically
In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categories information - classic AI problems. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-30]

The reaction of the Inuit community to climate change.
In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-27]

The location of the first cinema.
The Lumiere Brothers opened their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-1 ]

The writer refers to the film of the train in order to demonstrate the impact of early films.
As the train approached,' wrote Tarkovsky, panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That was the moment when cinema was born. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-10 ]

Who really pays for doctors' free gifts?
And patients are the ones who pay-in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices-for every pen that's handed and, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-7 ]

The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying.
Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-29 ]

It should include detailed 36 as to how the school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.
Evidence suggests that a key step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs, what record will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be employed. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-36]

A description of ancient water supplies.
At the height of the Roman Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided in many parts of the industrial world today. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-14]

Environmental effects.
More than 20 % of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive. Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-16]

Identifying the main transport problems.
When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-27]

The teacher-subjects were instructed to give punishment according to a rule.
The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gives the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-21]

The identity of the pupils.
The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-16]

Before the experiment took place, the psychiatrists underestimated the teacher-subject s' willingness to comply with experimental procedure.
The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts' and they further anticipated that only four percent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1.000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.
What were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-22]

Peter Derks believes that humor may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.
As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College In Virginia says: "I like to think of humor as the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-27]

Effects of irrigation on sedimentation.
The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-15]

Looking at the long-term impact.
According to Siegel, international environmental organizations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-17]

How obstacles to optimum achievement can be investigated.
With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete's ability to run.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

The fact that Al brings together a range of separate research areas.
The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programmer that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3]

Research into how common bullying is in British schools.
A survey conducted with Irene Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-27 ]

The effect of bullying on the children involved.
Victimized pupils are more likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal
relationships as adults, while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-28 ]

Why bats hunt in the dark.
Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-3]

The relevance to health.
As the United Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-15]

The stages in the development of the farming industry.
First mechanization, then mass use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering - the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-15]

Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.
In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-18]

The way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continue".
In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure to be followed through to the end. His final argument was, 'You have no other choice. You must go on.' [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-19]

Details of the range of family types involved in an education programmer.
The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-1]

Administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families.
The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-5]

However, it has not previously been known whether these two factors were directly linked or not. This question has been investigated by an international research team in Nicaragua.
During this period, researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000 women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some during the literacy crusade and some who had never learnt at all. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-16 ]

Trevor Ford suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been suppressed.
'What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg: says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: 'No-one wants bad press.'[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-15]

The research establishes a link between levels of education and life expectancy.
One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-20]

Examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely on vision to navigate by.
Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light. It is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-1]

Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematicians and doctors.
And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-29]

In Britain, moreover scientists worried that English had neither the 30 nor the 31 to express their ideas.
First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-30-31]

To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of    in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through    in the longer term.
But there are no easy solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to rush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-25-26]

Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile.
These regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 1-5]

An additional hand signal was used when the range of number words was restricted.
For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-28 ]

The speed with which cinema has changed.
And it has all happened so quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived and the audience screamed and fled.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-3 ]

In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.
Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-37]

Reasons why a child’s early years are so important.
A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words – most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-2]

结构

Swiss pays d'Enhaut, revived production of 10.
Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d'Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

Arctic communities operate 11 businesses.
But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally.

Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as   .
A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-35]

The outer layer     before the inner layer, and the tension between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger.
This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-21]

This fault is a result of the manufactured process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very      .
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620 °C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-20]

Toughened glass is favored by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as       when it breaks.
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-18]

According to his biographer James Boswell, Johnson's principal achievement was to bring   
to the English language.
It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswell's words, 'conferred stability on the language of his country'. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-6]

There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been made in the field of     and the search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.
The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoise shell and ivory. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1-3]

Playground supervision will be more effective if members of staff are trained to recognize the difference between bullying and mere    .
Work in the playground is important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-39 ]

The results suggest that   noises produce fatigue but that this manifests itself later.
Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-34]

As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a    by the king.
The dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.

Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.
Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-4]

隐含

The need to raise standards
But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-20]

How a caloric-restriction mimetic works; CR mimetic; Less 38 is processed, Production of ATP is decreased.
By limiting food intake, caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and decreases ATP generation. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-38]

In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.
The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-37 ]

Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to organic farming.
Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-1]

Modern technologies have led to a reduction in domestic water consumption.
But since 1980, the amount of water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-25]

A suggestion for improving trade in the future.
In America the period of huge productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries the process still has far to go. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-14]

Portland profitably moved from road to light rail transport system.
He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-13]

There is scientific evidence that eating fewer calories may extend human life.
Those findings suggest that caloric restriction could delay aging and increase longevity in humans, too. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-29]

The positive side of drugs promotion.
Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to physicians. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-4 ]

It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.
In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit and will continue to find new ways to increase sales. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-13]

The women who had learnt to read through the National Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change in infant mortality levels.
For those women who learnt to read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-22 ]

Developments in the methods used to study early population movements.
A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-14]

In Alaska, biologists keep a check on adult fish to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.
In-Season A Abundance-Based Management has allowed the Alaska salmon fisheries to be successful.
The primary reason for such increases is what is known as ' In-Season Abundance-Based Management." There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring the adult’s fish as they show up to spawn. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks - and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries - to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United State's are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-22-23]

Some people may believe that the teacher-subjects' behavior could be explained as a positive survival mechanism.
A modern hard-score socio-biologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-24]

In addition to the problem of coastal erosion, there has been a marked increase in the level of     contained in the silt deposited in the Nile delta.
'Pollutants are building up faster and faster,' says Stanley Based on his investigations of sediment from the delta lagoons, Frederic Siegel of George Washington University concurs. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-24]

The prospects for AI may benefit from new investment priorities
Another factor that may boost the prospects for AI in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-40]

For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.
Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind is this enough rather than how many when they were engaged in food gathering, for example. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-32]

International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-18]

Respect for Inuit opinion grows.
'In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study, anything. They just figured these people don't know very much so we won't ask them,' says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. 'But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.' [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-31]

Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.
Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-22]

Increases in traveling time.
However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-2]

Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 and that the speed of this change is 15.
Researchers, now analyzing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-14-15 ]

Feelings of control over life can reduce stress in difficult situations.
In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-25 ]

Feelings of loneliness may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.
But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-26 ]

Caloric-restricted monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of heart disease.
Caloric-restricted monkeys were less likely to become diabetic.
The caloric-restricted animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a decreased likelihood of heart disease),and they have more normal blood glucose levels(pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually high blood glucose levels). [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-36-33]

Cells less damaged by disease because fewer 39 are emitted.
One possibility relates to the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to contribute to aging and such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-39]

Students in a suggestopedia class retain more new vocabulary than those in ordinary classes.
Another difference from conventional teaching is the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000 new words of a foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as well as grammar and idiom. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-36]

The predictable noise group performed at about the same level as the unpredictable noise group on this task.
Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-32]

Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.
On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1]

A description of the positive outcomes of an education programmer.
The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programmer were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-4]

It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in farming as a means of supporting themselves.
Farming is out of the question and nature offers meager pickings. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-33]

It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are disabled, which means that the cost involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.
That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the graying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-22 ]

Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to participate in goal-setting.
However, goals should be assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively affected by it. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-22 ]

High achievers have less need of external goals.
For those with high achievement needs, typically a minority in any organization, the existence of external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally motivated. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-25 ]

Kim Schaefer's marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.
They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question - businesses won't use strategies that don't work, so is it the industry's responsibility to decide the boundaries? [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-9 ]

Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to America.
Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is one example of the value of these new techniques. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-15]

Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska's salmon population.
Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, over fishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-19]

Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.
For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3]

75. The writer quotes from the World Wide Fund for Nature to illustrate how environmental groups can exaggerate their claims.
Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-34]

A reason for narrowing the scope of research activity.
They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can't waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

A difficult landscape
The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-28]

Negative effects on well-being.
While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people's health. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-30]

Auckland is hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system.
"When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-12]

Avoiding an overcrowded centre.
It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage -1-4]

The writer thinks that the declaration 'There is no bullying at this school” reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.
Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem. 'There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost certainty untrue. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-33]

Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-32]

Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.
The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorized vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-37]

The 'Headstart' programmer did not succeed in its aim.
A. Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. At the end of each day, 'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-7]

According to researchers, in-the late 1980s there was a feeling that original expectations of AI may not have been justified.
By the late 1980, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning and so on.'[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-38]

Brian Waldron claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual.
The glass industry is aware of the Issue,' says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at tile Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. 'It’s a very rare phenomenon,' he says. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-14]

Some receive more criticism than others.
That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-35]

特征

The benefits of working together in cities.
The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-5]

Ensure targets are realistic.
Regardless of whether goals are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-15 ]

Ensure the reward system is fair.
The way rewards are distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-18 ]

Production workers judge promotion to be important.
For example, production workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated advancement in the lower third of their list. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-27 ]

In a Japanese pagoda, the Shinbashira stops the floors moving too far.
The Shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storey from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-11]

Forests are renewable source of raw material.
At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-29]

The low financial cost of setting up wilderness tourism makes it attractive to many countries.
The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 1-4]

Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both entirely   , in origin, and thermosetting.
Others are 'thermosetting', like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1-2]

The writer admits that global warming is a 38 challenge.
One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-38]

The effects of material literacy programmers can be seen very quickly.
'But we thought that even if we started educating girls today, we'd have to wait a generation for the pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.' [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-25 ]

An overview of the funded support of athletes.
Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmers of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

Easy interior access to top; use as observation post; Original religious purpose;
The multi- storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-5-7-9]

ShuzoIshida performs experiments in order to learns about the dynamics of pagodas.
Mr. Ishida, known to his students as "Professor Pagoda" because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a "shake table" in his laboratory.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-12]

Floors fitting loosely over each other.
More surprising is the fact that the individual storey of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, is not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-10]

The term used to describe hidden costs.
That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-16]

How AI might have a military impact.
HNC claim that their system, based on a cluster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - tasks humans can do well, but computers cannot. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-27]

数字   

Some cyclists' performance improves two percent at the 1996 Olympic Games.
At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two percent off cyclists' and rowers' times. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]

Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects,

Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting alternative therapists rose to include a further 0.8of the population
In a 1983 national health survey, 1.9of people said they had contacted a chiropractor, naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the survey. By l990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.

The 1990 survey related to 550.000 consultations with alternative therapists
The 550,000 consultations with alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered by the survey,

Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.
Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on

Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.
In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-34 ]

Size of eaves up to half the width of the building.
The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty percent or more of the building's overall width. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-8]

Professor Pretty concludes that our 22 are higher than most people realized, because we make three different types of payment.
Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold, We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways.  [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-22]

Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying campaign.
In Norway, after an intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3 -34]

时间

The history of Europe has been documented since 3000 BC.
Conventional historical sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3000BC in western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.

The book Educating Psyche is mainly concerned with ways of learning which are not traditional.
Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-27]

There was a time limit for its completion.
He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-2]

Where the expression AI was first used.
The field was launched, and the term 'artificial intelligence' coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-31]

The film 2001: A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary ideas about the potential of AI computers.
The 1969 film, 2001 A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL9000. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-37]

It also seems that these diseases are affecting people later in life than they did in the past.
He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-16 ]

程度  

Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
He was to be paid £.1,575 in installments and from this he took money to rent Gough Square, in which he set up his dictionary workshop. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1]

There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.
The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-27]

John Barry closely examined all the glass in one building.
John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analyzed every glass pane in the building. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-17]

Graham Dodd refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure.
Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington's glass research building in Latham Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-16]

Employees' earnings should be disclosed to everyone within the organization.
Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-24 ]

因果关系

Perth is inefficient due to a limited public transport system.
The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-11]
                          
Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because     are not used in them.
It is technically incorrect to talk about bat radar, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-11]

Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily to improved irrigation systems.
Food production has kept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-22]

The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has resulted in a fall in the amount of food produced locally.
In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet because there is insufficient labor to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 1-7]

This great variety of languages came about largely as a result of geographical    .
Isolation breeds linguistic diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a few people.

This is largely due to developments in medicine, but other factors such as improved nutrition may also be playing a part.
Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-17]

Long before the invention of radar,  had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats.
The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn't know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier; [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-10]

As a result, factors such as family wealth and attitudes to children have been eliminated.
Most literate women learnt to read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may simply indicate her family's wealth or that it values its children more highly. Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children's health and survival. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-17 ]

In Dr Leake's opinion, the reputation of AI suffered as a result of changing perceptions.
'If it works, it can't be AI: as Dr Leake characterizes it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that AI came to refer to 'blue-sky' research that was still years away from commercialization. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-39]

并列关系

The weakening relationship between the value of goods and the cost of their delivery.
Countries still trade disproportionately with their geographic neighbors. Over time, however, world output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and weight. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-17]

For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching 34 and 35 as a means of sustenance.
Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-34-35]

For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few 37 in recent years,
Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-37]

Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19.
On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-19 ]

He feels this would help to change the altitudes of both 26 and  .
It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-26]

Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-28]

In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use    methods, they do not affect the    and do not waste    .
The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-11-12-13]

They use their own natural   as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as   .
Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilize the crop. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-8-9]

Genetic analyses shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by exchanging species with neighboring ant colonies.
Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring ant colonies. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-10]

Christy Turner's research involved the examination of teeth from both prehistoric and modern Americans and Asians
Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-26]

Additional evidence for theory of kite-lifting. The Egyptians had   , which could lift large pieces of    , and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as      .
Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-9-10]

In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending     .
And other ancient civilizations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-13]

The group which had been exposed to unpredictable noise    the group which had been exposed to predictable noise.
As shown in Table I the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise: and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud predictable noise. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-33]

Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialization.
And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient-associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-31]

Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial intelligence.
Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-18]

Orbital prefrontal cortex is activated-involved with 23.
Then when the punch-line arrived, a new area sprang to life - the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-23]

Because of the language they have developed, humans react to their-own thoughts.
All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-25]

 Acoma and San Ildefonso - Produce and sell   ; Navajo and Hopi - Produce and sell   .
The Acoma and San IIdefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.

Public health experts have known for many years that there is a connection between child health and maternal literacy.
Children in developing countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when their mothers can read and write.  [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-15]

The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-8]

Right prefrontal cortex lights up-area of brain linked to    
His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener's prefrontal cortex lit up; particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-21]

Individual responses to humor relate to a person's subjective view.
Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person's outlook. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-26]

Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with nesting and the availability of  
Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-36]

Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial intelligence.
Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-18]

All groups were exposed to the same amount of noises.
For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise): others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-31]

Altitude tents are currently used by both Australians and their rivals.
At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two percent off cyclists' and rowers' times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the 'altitude tent', developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1-11] 

The reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again.
After years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence' (AI) seems poised to make a comeback. AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of AI, a movie about a robot boy. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-29]

转折关系

Many of them have been obliged to give up their 38 lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on 39 for their food and clothes.
Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-38-39]

Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.
Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly' cities considered - Amsterdam and Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-10]

Although Lozanov's method has become quite well-known, the results of most other teachers using this method have been unspectacular.
While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his associates. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-39-40]

Although English was then overtaken by   , it developed again in the 19th century as a direct result of the   .
In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution erected the need for new technical vocabulary. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test2_Passage 3-29-30]

In Britain, moreover scientists worried that English had neither the   nor the   to express their ideas.
First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-30-31]

举例关系

This is largely due to developments in medicine, but other factors such as improved   may also be playing a part.
Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-17 ]

There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants such as   .
Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sun right, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-39]

The discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a   suggests they may have experimented with   .
In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artifact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-11-12]

Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1 in that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candle wax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting', like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1-1]


指代关系

Biomechanics specialists used theoretical models to explain the Fosbury flop.
Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.





CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 1_1
hold mistaken views : harbor misconceptions
easier to change : more robust but also accessible to modification
follows on : previous
where : geographical location
reason : causes
loss of the rainforests : destroying rainforests
continuing existence : survive
depend on : need
unexpectedly : surprising
newspapers : media coverage
gets warmer : global warming

CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 1_2


mating : courtship ritual
eating : feeding
follow : tracks
good : useful
best developed : well-developed
underdeveloped : degenerated
nerves linked to : the nerves serving these

CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 2_1


die out : endangered
A large number : 150,000
more than one language      : bilingualism
the way we think : different ways of looking at
loss of traditional culture : difficult to preserve one without the other
government initiatives and…: government policy but economic globalization
increasing appreciation : a growing interest


teach people a traditional skill : to learn a traditional skill

CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 2_2

increasing numbers : popularity
a further 8 : 1.9 risen to 2.6%
retraining       : taking courses
long-term : chronic illnesses
reluctant : conservative attitude

CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 3_1


any : nor for every
fixed loan : fixed assets
only one : such as
give business training and loans : support the economic lives
poverty : the demand for income
more independent : a degree of independence
businesses : entrepreneurship
lent to : credit
provision : supplied with


CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 3_2


our planet : the world
features of our planet : shaped the world
different types : Sometimes…; Sometimes…
unpredictability : not very predictable
water : oceans, rivers and icecaps.
moves slowly : to inch
quickly : to froth
violently : tremendous force
suddenly : swiftly

CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 3_3

necessary : unavoidable
as : act as
sth to be observed : observer's written comments on sth
miss certain things : not be everywhere
comment objectively on sth : make unbiased statements about sth
length of time : the time available
additional information : supplemented


CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 4_1


1900 : the early years of the twentieth century
little improvement : steady improvement
intensive burst : explosive release
improved : more dramatic
gifted : unique complement of genes
recognized : identified
at a younger age : early
highlight areas for improvement :             athlete’s run is not fast enough
explain : understanding took the later analysis
knowledge basic : understanding fundamental
American runners : U.S. runners
inadequate diet : deficiencies in trace minerals
links sth to sth : sth leads to sth
setting new records : records to be broken


CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 4_2


creativity : creative
investigative : investigating
as well as : and
translate : interpretation
more than one way : ….and….
written records : written word
both …and… : ….and….
compares…to… :     rather like
broken down : subdivided
how they evolved : evolutionary patterns
Why : reasons
some dwellings round and others square : the shape of domestic buildings
tools and weapons : make and use objects

CAMBRIDGE IELTS4_ 4_3


independence : self-determining
limits : the finite character
population changes : demographic and social changes
impact : accompanied by
economic growth : economic progress
between 1950 and 1980 : in the 1950s and 1960s
between 1950 and 1980 : by the late 1970s


CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 1_1


growing : rise
increased demand : the rise
well-known : famous
payment : paid
not have a library : without a library
available        sth : to hand
bring : conferred
granted : offered
deadline : completion
shades of meaning : subtleties of meaning


CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 1_2

pessimistic : getting worse
linked :associated with
long-term : extend well into our future

CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 2_1

a similar way to : like
entirely : totally
advances : progress
n the field of : in the domain of
the same : still in use today
colors : the wood tones and drab browns
limited : restricted
intense heat : extreme heat
apply : subjected to


CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 2_2


above-average : superiority
nervous energy : a psychic tension
released : punctured
links jokes to : not only…but…
artificial intelligence : understanding and
reasoning in machines.
active too : also activity
involved with : associated with


CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 2_3


scientific development : scientific revolution
17th-century : in 1664
express ideas : publication; writing style
interest in      : foster
neither…nor… : First; Second;
as a direct result of : as
overtaken      : established itself as the leading

CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 3_1


three-year- olds : the age of three
highly : made greater strides
young and uneducated : parents' age and education
a child’s early years : by the age of three
failed : disappointing
positive : phenomenal
poor and wealthy families : a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations
not succeed : disappointing
improve : overcome

CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 3_3


Applications: new approach to
AI : artificial intelligence
success : most powerful and promising
contemporary ideas : optimism of the 1960s
changing perceptions : moving the goal-posts
military : battlefield
brings together : encompassed
separate research areas : disparate fields
electronically : e-mail; web pages
first :  used    coined



CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 4_1


financial cost : initial investment
attractive : attraction
both… and …           : not just …., but also…
fall : decline
revived : renaissance
reasons : grateful for


CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 4_2


evidence : data
plenty of : impossible to find
little doubt : almost certainly
unusual : rare
delayed : 27 years old
examined : analyzed
fragments       : tiny cubes
inner : interior
disputed : disagree
sunlight : weather
quickly : rapidly


CAMBRIDGE IELTS5_ 4_3


plenty of : the amount of
Some types of : some species of
have yet to : is not yet known
useful : excellent
unpredictable : fluctuate
referred to as : are known as
depend on : require
reproduction : flower and seed
like : such as

Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2


Increasing : growing; expanding; rising
greater : twice
disproportionately : prefer to
weakening  relationship : unrelated to
local : domestic
similar cost : not bigger freight bills
delivery : transmitting
electronic : telephone lines
efficiently : productivity improvements
future : far to go


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3


difficult : treeless
impossible : out of the question
sustenance : surviving
manageable : cope with
struggle : harsh
give up : abandoned
depend mainly on : rely heavily on
supplies : provisions
expensive : £7,000
well-being : health
effects : impact
understanding : knowledge
limited : no more than best guesses


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1


limited : minimal
improve : better
prefer to : preferences as to
averagely good : 'reasonable but not special
inappropriate : hard
people power : democratic
profitably : spectacularly well; win
increases : far higher
higher incomes : increasing wealth
benefits : valuable


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2


problems : complaints
falling : smaller
increasing : accelerate
later : 65-year-old--70 or 75
developments : advances
improved : Improvements
such as : for example
pollution : poorer air quality
life expectancy : live longer
link : correlation
reduction : drop
independent : self-reliance
exercise : physical activity
prevent mental decline : help mental functioning
reduce : lower
loneliness : isolated



Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3


sufficiency : is this enough
quantity : how many
farming : grow plants
hand signal : fingers
restricted : only able to count one, two
prevent misunderstanding : resolve any confusion.
poor : not as familiar with sth as
necessary : had to
civic role : a witness in a court of law
separate : independent of
early : very first stages
later : newer


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1 


first : initial
important : worth trying
reacted : shock
impact : people jumped and ran away.
passing of time :real objective flow of time
other cultures : other places; other people
actors : 'star'
uncertain : by no means
speed : quickly




Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2


tends to : prone to
manage : running
team work : independence
targets : goals
feedback : comments on
less need : less important
manipulated : manipulative
participate : participation
targets :  goals
realistic : achievable
individuals : different needs
achievement : performance
fair : equitable and equal
important : the top of their list
promotion : advancement
judge : rated


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3


drugs : treatment
delay : slow
growing old : aging
evidence : findings
fewer : restriction
extend : increase
human life : longevity
not many : few
chance : likelihood
decreased : reduced
longer : maximum
decreased : minimizes
less : restriction
in short supply : scarce






Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1

criticism : criticized
responsible : responsibility
positive : much-needed
drug : pharmaceutical
works : effective
legitimate : right
ake money : make a profit
gifts : theatre ticket, steak dinner;


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2


literacy : read and write
maternal : mothers
attitudes : values
adults : . men and women
educated : learnt to read
stayed : unchanged
greatest change : 21 points lower than
budgets : money
quickly : bypass


Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3


bullied : victimized
effect : as a consequence
lack : little
a new approach : change
halved : 50%
The most important step : a key step
giving : produce
detailed : explicit
in addition : also
action can be taken : dealing with
trained : training
potential : are liable to
self-confident : assertiveness
difference : distinguish


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1


dark : night
why : given that
avoided dying out : managed to survive
examples; other than : not the only
arm or leg : limb
seabed : sea
wartime : weapons; Second World War
military : Second World War
inaccurate : incorrect


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2


ancient :  Rome
soaring : increasing
due to : because
expansion : improved
consequences : effects
revision : change
downward : not rising as rapidly as
increasing : soar
explanation : explains
thanks to : led to
raise standards :higher specifications and with more accountability


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3


not traditional : new
remember : conscious
shifted away from : other than
similar : not unusual
1000 new words :  more new vocabulary
however : but
necessary : without… unable or afraid
while : Although
well-known : notoriety


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1


weather : nature's
interior : inner
observation : watchtowers
religious : Buddhism
half : fifty percent
dynamics : shake table
stops : constrained
loosely : stacked


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2

development : first…then…then…
declining : vanished
wildlife : farmland birds
chemicals : fertilizer
hidden costs : outside the main transaction
Purifying domestic water : removal of the bug
illness : disease
three : threefold
bills : payment
unable : too big a jump
initiate change : recommending
both  and : as well as


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3


inaccessible : isolated
20% of outside the local area : 80% was within the locality
improvements : improve
participate in : lend a hand. 
hindered : not very successful
local people : communities
support and understanding of : co-operation
a future mode : future work.


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1


communication : visual and auditory
affect : ruin
'weeds' : weed-killers
secretions : secrete
fertilizers : fertilize
genetic : DNA
exchanging : swapping and sharing
navigate : find their way
distance and position : bearings and distances


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2


developments in the methods : techniques developed
questions : problem
closeness : share
Further evidence : other research
dental : teeth
prehistoric : ancient


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3


excluded : discarded
outside : confined to
renewable : renewed
boundaries : frontiers
change : unforeseen events
possibility : possible effects
all kinds of : diversity
information : databank
diseases : physiology
network : better coordinated


Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1


found : noticed
stronger : five times larger
Raise lift
resembled like
two thousand years ago : as early as 1250 BC
as well as : and
large : massive
strong : high speed

Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2


more than : exceeded
crashes : decrease
keep a check : monitoring
stop : put a halt
successful : prosper
care for the environment : recognizes their environmental responsibility
allowed : granted permission

Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3


difficulty : having to
wide range of noise levels : higher noise level
long term : after about four minutes
troublesome : interfere with
intense noise : quite loud
occurs : intrusions
same : equally
mistakes : errors
later : takes a while
manifests : take its toll on performance
make it stop : control

distractibility : changes in behavior