第一单元 替换规则
第二单元 核心考点
Temporal lobes become active too.
But there was also activity
in the temporal lobes at the side of the head consistent with attempts to rouse
stored knowledge and in many other brain areas.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2]
Sensors will be used in the future by
Australians.
With the Cooperative Research
Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive
sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to
monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might
have an impact on an athlete's ability to run.
A competition model help an athlete plan their
performance in an event.
Well before a championship,
sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a
'competition model', based on what they expect will be the winning times. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
Modern cargo-handling methods have had a significant
effect on trade as the business of moving freight around the world becomes
increasingly streamlined.
To see how this influences
trade, consider the business of making disk drives for computers. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2]
There was less bullying in
secondary schools, with about one in twenty-five suffering persistent bullying,
but these cases may be particularly recalcitrant. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-31 ]
Radar and sonar are based on similar
But the underlying
mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar and much of our
scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to
them. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-12]
Higher incomes need not mean more cars.
here is a widespread belief
that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the
only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are
often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the
same level of car use. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
2_Passage 1-3]
In Tarkovsky's opinion, the attraction of the cinema
is that it illustrates the passing of time.
For Tarkovsky, the key to
that magic was the way in which cinema created a dynamic image of the real flow
of events. A still picture could only imply the existence of time, while time
in a novel passed at the whim of the reader. But in cinema, the real objective
flow of time was captured. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
3_Passage 1-11 ]
The attraction of actors in films.
The 'star' was another
natural consequence of cinema. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-5 ]
Establish targets and give feedback.
The literature on
goal-setting theory suggests that managers should ensure that all employees
have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage
2-14 ]
Match rewards to individuals.
Since employees have
different needs, what acts as reinforcement for one may not for another.
Managers could use their knowledge of each employee to personalize the rewards
over which they have control. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-16 ]
The Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade aimed to
teach large numbers of illiterate men and women to read and write.
By 1985, about 300,000
illiterate adults from all over the country, many of whom had never attended
primary school, had learnt how to read, write and use numbers.[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-14 ]
The most important step is for the school authorities
to produce a policy which makes the school's attitude towards bullying quite
clear.
Evidence suggests that a key
step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by
bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs,
what record will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be
employed. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-35 ]
The ability actually comes from perceiving echoes
through the ears.
The sensation of facial
vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without
even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps
and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-7]
However, even before this was understood, the
principle had been applied in the design of instruments which calculated the
depth of the seabed.
Before this was discovered,
engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example
to measure the depth of the sea under a ship.[Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-8]
This was followed by a wartime application in devices
for finding submarines.
After this technique had been
invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for
the detection of submarines. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
1_Passage 1-9]
Early military uses of echolocation.
Both sides in the Second
World War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic
(British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (Armenian) or RDF (British),
which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-5]
Scientists' call for a revision of policy.
At the outset of the new
millennium, however, the way resource planners think about water is beginning
to change. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-17]
Lozanov therefore made
indirect instruction (suggestion) central to his teaching system. In
suggestopedia, as he called his method, consciousness is shifted away from the
curriculum to focus on something peripheral.[Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-30]
However, Lozanov admits that a certain amount of
rituals is necessary in order to convince students, even if this is just a
placebo.
Lozanov acknowledges that the
ritual surrounding suggestion in his own system is also a placebo, but
maintains that without such a placebo people are unable or afraid to tap the
reserve capacity of their brains. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-37-38]
The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the
power produced by severe weather conditions.
Clearly, Japanese carpenters
of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle
itself rather than fight nature's forces. But what sort of tricks? [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-4]
Professor Pretty wants the government to initiate
change by establishing what he refers to as a “Greener Food Standard”.
He is recommending the
immediate introduction of a "Greener Food Standard", which would push
the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current
norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-25]
The improvement of secondary roads and paths was done
only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.
Paths and secondary roads
were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to
participate in construction and maintenance. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-38]
Ants can't digest the
cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these
fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a
source of food. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage
1-7]
Dental evidence.
There are two other kinds of
research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American
population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-19]
The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy
must allow for the possibility of change.
A general declaration was
made that a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be
given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events,
to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-33]
Earlier this year, the team
put Clemmons's unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-squaremetre rectangular
nylon sail. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-7]
The team decided that it was possible to
use kites to raise very heavy stones.
So Clemmons was right: the
pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place.
"Whether they actually did is another matter: Gharib says. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-7]
As a result of the collapse of the salmon runs in
1999, the state decided to close down all fisheries.
The crisis was completely
unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of
fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic
shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the elnino/lanina phenomenon
on Pacific (ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge
numbers of salmon eggs were frozen). It
could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned.
However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those
necessary for subsistence purposes. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-25]
The problems associated with
exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop.
Predictability is not the
only variable that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another
is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this
seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-37]
Long-term exposure to noise can
produce changes in behavior which can still be observed a year later.
A follow-up study showed that
children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater
distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet
schools (Cohen et al. 1981).[Cambridge Ielts7_Test
4_Passage 3-36]
In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a
dictionary. Having rented a garret, he took on a number of copying clerks who
stood at a long central desk.
James Boswell, his
biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a
counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying
clerks would work standing up. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-4]
Johnson did not have a available to him, but eventually
produced definitions of in excess of 40.000 words written down in 80 large
notebooks.
The work was immense; filling
about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), John6son wrote
the definitions of over 40.000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with
some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the
Elizabethans to his own time. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-5]
Johnson's Dictionary took into account subtitles of
meaning.
He did not expect to achieve
complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all
previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact,
it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very
practically; as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-3]
The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing
whether punishment helps learning.
Specifically, Milgram told
each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of
education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their
mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-20]
A biological explanation of the
teacher-subjects behavior.
One's first inclination might
be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct
that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram's teacher subjects were
just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the
pupil by administering the electrical shock. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-14]
The general aim of socio-biological
study.
This, in essence, is the
problem of modern sociobiology - to discover the degree to which hard-wired
genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction at
animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-18]
The writer suggests that newspapers print items that
are intended to meet their readers' expectations.
A third source of confusion
is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more curious about bad news
than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public
wants. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-36]
Kant believed that a successful joke involves the
controlled release of nervous energy.
Kant and Freud felt that
joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured
by the ludicrousness of the punch-line. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-16]
Chimpanzees make particular noise when they are
playing.
Chimpanzees have a
'play-face' - a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-20]
One of the brain's most difficult tasks is to respond
instantly to whatever is happening.
Making a rapid emotional
assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the
brain, animal or human. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
2_Passage 2-24]
This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists
associated with the set about
developing English.
Fortunately, several members
of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in
various linguistic projects. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
2_Passage 32]
The 'Missouri' programmer supplied many forms of
support and training to parents
The 'Missouri' programmer
involved trained parent educators visiting the parents' home and working with
the parent, or parents, and the child. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-8]
Water is pumped from the irrigation canals into the
lagoons.
The sediment sinks to the
bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the
water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer
edges of the delta. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
3_Passage 2-23]
However, it has one disadvantage: it can shatter unexpectedly.
When this happens, the
crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region
of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time
that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just
months after manufacture, or decades later. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-19]
The frequency with which such problems occur is by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals
cannot be detected without sophisticate equipment.
But he insists that cases are
few and far between. 'It’s a very rare phenomenon,' he says.
Others disagree. 'On average
I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related
failures,' says Barrie Josie. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-23]
Tolerance to shade is one criterion for the of plants in forestry and horticulture.
Plants in general can be
divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species.
This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture.
Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower
growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-40]
A reference to the exchange of expertise between
different sports.
AIS scientists work across a
number of sports, applying skills learned in one – such as building muscle
strength in golfers – to others. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
Cells focus on
because food is in short supply.
Another hypothesis suggests
that decreased processing of glucose could indicate to cells that food is
scarce (even if it isn't) and induce them to shift into an anti-aging mode that
emphasizes preservation of the organism over such 'luxuries' as growth and
reproduction. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage
3-40]
Children who are bullied may have difficulty forming
relationships in later life.
Victimized pupils are more
likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal relationships as adults,
while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be
physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-32 ]
Effective work can also be done with individual pupils
and small groups. For example, potential victims of bullying can be trained to
be more self-confident.
There are also ways of
working with individual pupils, or in small groups. Assertiveness training for
pupils who are liable to be victims is worthwhile. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3 -38]
City life is one factor that encourages the
development of intelligence.
Whereas prehistoric man had
no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence - the
evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred
million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialized
chambers and tunnels. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
3_Passage 1-2]
Subjects exposed to
noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks.
The noise was quite
disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just
as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-35]
Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of
season.
For example, some species of
birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day
length artificially. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
4_Passage 3-28]
Desert annuals respond to as a signal for reproduction.
Day-neutral plants have an
evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favorable period for
reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals
germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the
day length. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-38]
Plants that flower when days are long often depend on
insects to help them reproduce.
Short-day plants that flower
in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth
during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that
require fertilization by insects or a long period of seed ripening. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-37]
Reasons why an education programmer failed
Despite substantial funding,
results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations
for this. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-3]
All kinds of species of trees should be preserved.
The second resolution
concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-35]
Resources should be allocated to research into tree
diseases.
The fifth resolution are
launched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Euro
Silva. Euro Silva should support joint European research on tree diseases and
their physiological and biochemical aspects.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-38]
Research is to be better coordinated throughout
Europe.
Finally, the conference
established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems.
This would also involve harmonizing activities in individual countries as well
as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection
of forests. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 3-39]
It is generally believed that large numbers of people
were needed to build the pyramids.
The conventional picture is
that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-1]
More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were
caught in Alaska in 2000.
During 2000, commercial
catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel
value of over $US260 million. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-18]
Biologists have the authority to stop people fishing
for sport.
The fishermen know the
approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given
day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to
fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-22]
In September 2000, the MSC allowed seven Alaska salmon
companies to label their products using the MSC logo.
In September 2000, MSC
announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven
companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to
display the MSC logo on their products; [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-26]
An explanation for reduced water use.
(G) What explains this
remarkable turn of events? Two factors: people have figured out how to use
water more efficiently, and communities are rethinking their priorities for
water use. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-19]
One effect of chemicals on water sources.
Natural soil fertility is
dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertilizer and pesticide
use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertilizer
run-off. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-17]
Noise affects a
subject's capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.
Similarly, noise did not
affect a subject's ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it
did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking
(Finkelman and Glass. 1970). [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
4_Passage 3-40]
The explanation Milgram gave the
teacher-subjects for the experiment.
Specifically, Milgram told
each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education,
and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes
would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-15]
Applications of AI have already had a degree of
success.
But the tide may now be
turning, according to Dr Leake, HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a
government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is
the most powerful and promising approach ever discover.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-35]
Research shows that promotion works.
Free samples of new and
expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors and
patients to become loyal to a product. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-6 ]
The writer express concern about the selection of
areas to research.
One is the lopsidedness built
into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many
problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that
many more potential problems exist than is the case.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-33]
Information is to be systematically gathered on any
decline in the condition of forests.
That general declaration was
accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policymaking. The
first proposes the extension and systematization of surveillance sites to
monitor forest decline. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
3_Passage 3-34]
Besides the laboratory
evidence for this, we know from our experience that we often remember what we
have perceived peripherally, long after we have forgotten what we set out to
learn. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-28]
Subjects find it difficult to
perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.
For example, high noise
levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor
three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aero plane pilot or an air
traffic controller (Broadbent. 1957). [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-39]
The word "echolocation" was first used by
someone working as a .
The American zoologist Donald
Grimwho was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the
term echolocation to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals
or by human instruments. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
1_Passage 1-13]
Most countries continue to prefer to trade with nearby
nations.
Countries still trade
disproportionately with their geographic neighbors. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-21]
A successful exercise in people power.
'The more democratic the process, the more
public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example
of this. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-1]
In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a
certain number was necessary in order to fulfill a civic role.
The average person in the
seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In
fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count
to nine! [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-29 ]
Link rewards to achievement.
Managers need to make rewards
contingent on performance. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
3_Passage 2-17 ]
In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in
which pain from a phantom arm or leg might be felt.
Experiments showed that, in
fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face,
although the sensation may be referred to the fron
Understanding of climate change remains limited.
There are still huge gaps in
our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many
predictions are no more than best guesses.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-32]
How some AIS ideas have been reproduced?
Of course, there's nothing to
stop other countries copying – and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS
unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes.[ Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1-4]
The similar cost involved in transporting a product
from abroad or from a local supplier.
Computer manufacturers in
Japan or Texas will not face hugely bigger freight bills if they import drives
from Singapore rather than purchasing them on the domestic market. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-16]
Regular amounts of exercise may help prevent mental
decline.
Maintaining a level of daily
physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a
neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-24]
Some peoples with simple number systems use body
language to prevent
misunderstanding of expressions of number.
But in real situations the
number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any
confusion. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-34 ]
Not many people are likely to find a
caloric-restricted diet attractive.
Few mortals could stick to
chat harsh a regimen, especially for years on end. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-30]
Control monkeys produced greater quantities of
insulin.
The monkey projects
demonstrate that, compared with control animals that eat normally,
caloric-restricted monkeys have lower body temperatures and levels of the
pancreatic hormone insulin, and they retain more youthful levels of certain
hormones that tend to fall with age. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-37]
Control monkeys experienced more chronic disease.
Further, it has recently been
shown that rhesus monkeys kept on caloric-restricted diets for an extended
time(nearly 15 years) have less chronic disease. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-34]
Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the
healthcare environment.
Rarely do patient nurse use a
tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical company' logo. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-11 ]
How early mammals avoided dying out.
In the time when the
dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only
managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at
night. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-2]
A surprising downward trend in demand for water.
Fortunately - and
unexpectedly - the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-18]
In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are
similar to those used in conventional classes.
Some hours after the two-part
session, there is a follow-up class at which the students are stimulated to
recall the material presented. Such methods are not unusual in language
teaching. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-33]
Floors fitting loosely over each other.
More surprising is the fact
that the individual storey of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts
elsewhere, is not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one
on top of another like a pile of hats. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-10]
The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the
household transport requirement as outside the local area.
Interesting facts regarding
transport were found: 95% was on foot, 80% was within the locality; and 70% was
related to the collection of water and firewood and traveling to grinding
mills. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3]
The isolation
of Makete for part of the year was no longer a problem once the roads had been
improved.
The road improvements and
accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible
throughout the year. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
2_Passage 3-39]
In noise experiments, Glass and Singer found that
bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term.
For example, Glass and Singer
(1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured
their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the
noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes
the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who
were not exposed to noise. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
4_Passage 3-28]
Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not
likely to interfere with the successful performance of a single task.
But there are limits to
adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to
concentrate on more than one task. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-29]
Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication
of the Dictionary.
He was also helped by six
assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-13]
Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the
Bishops Walk accident.
On 2nd August 1999, a
particularly hot day in tile town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of
toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered
without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analyzed by
experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane,
they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had
almost certainly caused the failure. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2]
Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea
abietifolia's seasonal rhythm.
Every bamboo of the species
Chusquea abietifalia on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died
during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and
1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger
for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is
clear. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-32]
In experiments, rats who ate what they wanted led
shorter lives than rats on a low calorie.
Scientists first recognized
the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed
a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had
a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-32]
When cinema first began, people thought that its
future was uncertain.
Cinema has also given a new
lease of life to the idea of the story. When the Lumiere Brothers and other
pioneers began showing off this new invention, it was by no means obvious how
it would be used. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage
1-12 ]
An explanation of how visual imaging is employed in
investigations.
It collects images from
digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a
swimmer's performance into factors that can be analyzed individually. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
The effects of the introduction of electronic
delivery.
Computer software can be
'exported' without ever loading it onto a ship, simply by transmitting it over
telephone lines from one country to another. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-15]
Imported produce is particularly expensive.
It would cost a family around
£7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with
imported meat. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage
3-40]
A developed system of numbering was necessary when
people began farming.
As they began to settle, grow
plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became
paramount. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-27 ]
It is important to understand how the first audiences
reacted to the cinema.
But it is worth trying, for
to understand the initial shock of those images is to understand the
extraordinary power and magic of cinema, the unique, hypnotic quality that has
made film the most dynamic, effective art form of the 20th century. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-6 ]
How cinema teaches us about other cultures.
For cinema makes the world
smaller. Long before people traveled to America or anywhere else, they knew
what other places looked like; they know how other people worked and lived. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-4]
Gifts include financial incentives
But on any given day what
Schaefer can offer is typical for today's drugs rep - a car trunk full of
promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for
a small county, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a
physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit
the drug's profile. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
4_Passage 1-2]
Interrupting a natural process
Up to now, people have blamed
this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt,
which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-14]
How Al could help deal with difficulties related to
the amount of information available electronically
In particular, the problem of
information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in
the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new
technologies to help filter and categories information - classic AI problems. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-30]
The reaction of the Inuit community to climate change.
In Canada, where the Inuit
people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country's newest
territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing
environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern
science. This is a challenge in itself. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-27]
The location of the first cinema.
The Lumiere Brothers opened
their Cinematographe, at 14 Boulevard des Capucines in Paris, to 100 paying
customers over 100 years ago, on December 8, 1895. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-1 ]
The writer refers to the film of the train in order to
demonstrate the impact of early films.
As the train approached,'
wrote Tarkovsky, panic started in the theatre: people jumped and ran away. That
was the moment when cinema was born. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-10 ]
Who really pays for doctors' free gifts?
And patients are the ones who
pay-in the form of sky-rocketing prescription prices-for every pen that's
handed and, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner eaten. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-7 ]
The reaction from schools to enquiries about bullying.
Perhaps as a consequence,
schools would often deny the problem.
[Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-29 ]
It should include detailed 36 as to how the
school and its staff will react if bullying occurs.
Evidence suggests that a key
step is to develop a policy on bullying, saying clearly what is meant by
bullying, and giving explicit guidelines on what will be done if it occurs,
what record will be kept, who will be informed, what sanctions will be
employed. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-36]
A description of ancient water supplies.
At the height of the Roman
Empire, nine major systems, with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built
sewers, supplied the occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided
in many parts of the industrial world today.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-14]
Environmental effects.
More than 20 % of all
freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangered because dams and water
withdrawals have destroyed the free-flowing river ecosystems where they thrive.
Certain irrigation practices degrade soil quality and reduce agricultural
productivity. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage
2-16]
Identifying the main transport problems.
When the project began,
Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The
regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was
impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare
within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to
donkeys in the north of the district. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-27]
The teacher-subject was told
that whenever the pupil gives the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be
administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with
each successive wrong answer. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-21]
The identity of the pupils.
The supposed 'pupil' was in
reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting
a spectrum of groans, screams and writings together with an assortment of
statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-16]
The overwhelming consensus
was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the
experimenter. The psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects would not go beyond
150 volts' and they further anticipated that only four percent would go up to
300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in
1.000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.
What were the actual results?
Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to
the 450-volt limit. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
1_Passage 2-22]
Peter Derks believes that humor may provide valuable
information about the operation of the brain.
As Peter Derks, a
psychologist at William and Mary College In Virginia says: "I like to
think of humor as the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual,
analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then
we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-27]
Effects of irrigation on sedimentation.
The water in the irrigation
canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley
explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to
fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater
lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-15]
Looking at the long-term impact.
According to Siegel,
international environmental organizations are beginning to pay closer attention
to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the
Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could
have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-17]
How obstacles to optimum achievement can be
investigated.
With the Cooperative Research
Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive
sensors that will be embedded in an athlete's clothes or running shoes to
monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might
have an impact on an athlete's ability to run.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
The fact that Al brings together a range of separate
research areas.
The expression provided an
attractive but informative name for a research programmer that encompassed such
previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics logic and computer
science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human
abilities using machines. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
3_Passage 3]
Research into how common bullying is in British
schools.
A survey conducted with Irene
Whitney found that in British primary schools up to a quarter of pupils
reported experience of bullying, which in about one in ten cases was
persistent. There was less bullying in secondary schools, with about one in
twenty-five suffering persistent bullying, but these cases may be particularly
recalcitrant. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-27
]
The effect of bullying on the children involved.
Victimized pupils are more
likely to experience difficulties with interpersonal
relationships as adults,
while children who persistently bully are more likely to grow up to be
physically violent, and convicted of anti-social offences. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-28 ]
Why bats hunt in the dark.
Given that there is a living
to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly
occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the
night-hunting trade. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
1_Passage 1-3]
The relevance to health.
As the United Nations report
on access to water reiterated in November 2001, more than one billion people
lack access to clean drinking water; some two and a half billion do not have
adequate sanitation services. Preventable water-related diseases kill an
estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children every day, and the latest evidence suggests
that we are falling behind in efforts to solve these problems. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-15]
The stages in the development of the farming industry.
First mechanization, then
mass use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, then monocultures, then
battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering - the onward march of
intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the
yields of produce have soared. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-15]
Several species of wildlife in the British countryside
are declining.
In Britain, for example, many
of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the
lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside,
as have even more wild flowers and insects.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-18]
The way Milgram persuaded the
teacher-subjects to continue".
In these situations, Milgram
calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for
mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to
proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that
the procedure to be followed through to the end. His final argument was, 'You
have no other choice. You must go on.' [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-19]
Details of the range of family types involved in an
education programmer.
The four-year pilot study
included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who
represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations.
They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both
parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-1]
Administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families.
The four-year pilot study
included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who
represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family
configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families
in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at
home. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-5]
However, it has not previously been known whether
these two factors were directly linked or not. This question has been
investigated by an international research team in Nicaragua.
During this period,
researchers from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the Central
American Institute of Health in Nicaragua, the National Autonomous University
of Nicaragua and the Costa Rican institute of Health interviewed nearly 3,000
women, some of whom had learnt to read as children, some during the literacy
crusade and some who had never learnt at all. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-16 ]
Trevor Ford suggests that publicity about nickel
sulphide failure has been suppressed.
'What you hear is only the
tip of the iceberg: says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in
Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: 'No-one wants bad
press.'[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-15]
The research establishes a link between levels of
education and life expectancy.
One interesting correlation
Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-20]
Examples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely
on vision to navigate by.
Bats are not the only
creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects
that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales
have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in
extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light. It is
obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern
animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or
impossible. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-1]
Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have
been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of
mathematicians and doctors.
And in the mid-17th century
it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs
secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages
deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have
felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though
international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin
as an 'insider language'.
[Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-29]
In Britain, moreover scientists worried that English
had neither the 30 nor the 31 to express their ideas.
First, it lacked the
necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources
required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to
discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between
complex and hypothetical entities. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-30-31]
To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of in the short term, and increasing the
amount of water available through in
the longer term.
But there are no easy
solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be
to make artificial floods to rush out the delta waterways, in the same way that
natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that
in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be
used to increase the amount of water available.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-25-26]
Deserts, mountains and Arctic regions are examples of
environments that are both ecologically and culturally fragile.
These regions are fragile
(i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their
ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most
significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms
of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and
Arctic areas. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 1-5]
An additional hand signal was used when the range of
number words was restricted.
For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word
many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-28 ]
The speed with which cinema has changed.
And it has all happened so
quickly. Almost unbelievably, it is a mere 100 years since that train arrived
and the audience screamed and fled. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 1-3 ]
In 17th-century Britain, leading thinkers combined
their interest in science with an interest in how to express ideas.
Although a proposal in 1664
to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the
society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in
English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-37]
Reasons why a child’s early years are so important.
A 13-year study of early
childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of
three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words – most
of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their
lives. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-2]
Swiss pays d'Enhaut, revived production of 10.
Local concern about the
rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d'Enhaut resulted
in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in
communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable
source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.
Arctic communities operate 11 businesses.
But some Arctic communities
are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits
accrue locally.
Plants which do not respond to light levels are
referred to as .
A long-day plant flowers
after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day
length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of
vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-35]
The outer layer before the inner layer, and the tension
between the two layers which is created because of this makes the glass
stronger.
This causes the outer layer
of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-21]
This fault is a result of the manufactured process.
Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled very .
It is made by heating a sheet
of ordinary glass to about 620 °C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure
to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-20]
Toughened glass is favored by architects because it is
much stronger than ordinary glass, and the fragments are not as when it breaks.
Toughened glass is found
everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of
thousands of buildings around the world. It’s easy to see why. This glass has
five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters
into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-18]
According to his biographer James Boswell, Johnson's
principal achievement was to bring
to the English language.
It is the cornerstone of
Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswell's words, 'conferred
stability on the language of his country'.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-6]
There were several reasons for the research into
plastics in the nineteenth century, among them the great advances that had been
made in the field of and the
search for alternatives to natural resources like ivory.
The history of today's
plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic
materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of
these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense
technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural
changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling
supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoise shell and ivory. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1-3]
Playground supervision will be more effective if
members of staff are trained to recognize the difference between bullying and
mere .
Work in the playground is
important, too. One helpful step is to train lunchtime supervisors to
distinguish bullying from playful fighting, and help them break up conflicts. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-39 ]
The results suggest that noises produce fatigue but that this
manifests itself later.
Apparently, unpredictable
noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for
this fatigue to take its toll on performance.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-34]
As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a by the king.
The dictionary, together with
his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends
were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on,
he was to become the Johnson of folklore.
Some ants can find their way by making calculations
based on distance and position.
Research conducted at Oxford,
Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a
foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they
continuously update in their heads. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-4]
The need to raise standards
But such projects must be
built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and
their environment than in the past. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-20]
How a caloric-restriction mimetic works; CR mimetic;
Less 38 is processed,
Production of ATP is decreased.
By limiting food intake,
caloric restriction minimizes the amount of glucose entering cells and
decreases ATP generation. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
3_Passage 3-38]
In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor
counting ability.
The average person in the
seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-37 ]
Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to
organic farming.
Professor Pretty feels that
organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many
farmers. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-1]
Modern technologies have led to a reduction in
domestic water consumption.
But since 1980, the amount of
water consumed per person has actually decreased, thanks to a range of new
technologies that help to conserve water in homes and industry.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-25]
A suggestion for improving trade in the future.
In America the period of huge
productivity gains in transportation may be almost over, but in most countries
the process still has far to go. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-14]
Portland profitably moved from road to light rail
transport system.
He considers Portland,
Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to
build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over
whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the
railway worked spectacularly well. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-13]
There is scientific evidence that eating fewer
calories may extend human life.
The positive side of drugs promotion.
Salespeople provide
much-needed information and education to physicians. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-4 ]
It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.
In the end the fact remains
that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit and will
continue to find new ways to increase sales.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 1-13]
The women who had learnt to read through the National
Literacy Crusade showed the greatest change in infant mortality levels.
For those women who learnt to
read through the campaign, the infant mortality rate was 84 per thousand, an
impressive 21 points lower than for those women who were still illiterate. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-22 ]
Developments in the methods used to study early
population movements.
A number of techniques
developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on
a sounder and more objective footing. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-14]
In Alaska, biologists keep a check on
adult fish to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.
In-Season A Abundance-Based Management has allowed the
Alaska salmon fisheries to be successful.
The primary reason for such
increases is what is known as ' In-Season Abundance-Based Management."
There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring the adult’s
fish as they show up to spawn. It is this management mechanism that has allowed
Alaska salmon stocks - and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries - to prosper,
even as salmon populations in the rest of the United State's are increasingly
considered threatened or even endangered.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-22-23]
Some people may believe that the teacher-subjects'
behavior could be explained as a positive survival mechanism.
A modern hard-score
socio-biologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct
evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our
ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in
the caves. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 2-24]
'Pollutants are building up
faster and faster,' says Stanley Based on his investigations of sediment from
the delta lagoons, Frederic Siegel of George Washington University concurs. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 2-24]
The prospects for AI may benefit from new investment
priorities
Another factor that may boost
the prospects for AI in the near future is that investors are now looking for
firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to
differentiate themselves. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
3_Passage 3-40]
For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency
was more important than the concept of quantity.
Our ancestors had little use
for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the
kind is this enough rather than how many when they were engaged in food
gathering, for example. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 3-32]
International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy.
International trade is growing
at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding at a bit over
3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of
about twice that. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage
2-18]
Respect for Inuit opinion grows.
'In the early days scientists
ignored us when they came up here to study, anything. They just figured these
people don't know very much so we won't ask them,' says John Amagoalik, an
Inuit leader and politician. 'But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility
and weight.' [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-31]
Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for
their inhabitants.
Professor Peter Newman, ISTP
Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the
difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to
live. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-22]
Increases in traveling time.
However, public
infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion
problems which now make commuting times far higher. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-2]
Research carried out by scientists in the United
States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most
common age-related medical problems is 14 and that the speed of this
change is 15.
Researchers, now analyzing
the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and
circulation problems - the major medical complaints in this age group are
troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate
at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage
2-14-15 ]
Feelings of control over life can reduce stress in
difficult situations.
In laboratory simulations of
challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their
lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-25 ]
But independence can have drawbacks.
Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained
higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-26 ]
Caloric-restricted monkeys enjoyed a reduced chance of
heart disease.
Caloric-restricted monkeys were less likely to become
diabetic.
The caloric-restricted
animals also look better on indicators of risk for age-related diseases. For
example, they have lower blood pressure and triglyceride levels (signifying a
decreased likelihood of heart disease),and they have more normal blood glucose
levels(pointing to a reduced risk for diabetes, which is marked by unusually
high blood glucose levels). [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
3_Passage 3-36-33]
Cells less damaged by disease because fewer 39 are emitted.
One possibility relates to
the ATP-making machinery's emission of free radicals, which are thought to
contribute to aging and such age-related diseases as cancer by damaging cells. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 3-39]
Students in a suggestopedia class retain more new
vocabulary than those in ordinary classes.
Another difference from
conventional teaching is the evidence that students can regularly learn 1000
new words of a foreign language during a suggestopedic session, as well as
grammar and idiom. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage
3-36]
The predictable noise group performed at about the
same level as the unpredictable noise group on this task.
Subjects reported finding the
predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed
at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-32]
Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same
principles as that patented in 1907.
On 13 July 1907, Baekeland
took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features
of which are still in use today. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1]
A description of the positive outcomes of an education
programmer.
The results were phenomenal.
By the age of three, the children in the programmer were significantly more
advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in
problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social
development. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-4]
It would clearly be impossible for the people to
engage in farming as a means of supporting themselves.
Farming is out of the
question and nature offers meager pickings.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-33]
It also shows that there has been a considerable
reduction in the number of elderly people who are disabled, which means that
the cost involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than
previously predicted.
That represents a significant
drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends
apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate
there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's
population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States
government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the
graying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than
expected. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-22 ]
Some employees can feel manipulated when asked to
participate in goal-setting.
However, goals should be
assigned. If participation and the culture are incongruous, employees are
likely to perceive the participation process as manipulative and be negatively
affected by it. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage
2-22 ]
High achievers have less
need of external goals.
For those with high
achievement needs, typically a minority in any organization, the existence of
external goals is less important because high achievers are already internally
motivated. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-25 ]
Kim Schaefer's marketing technique may be open to
criticism on moral grounds.
They work in an industry
highly criticized for its sales and marketing practices, but find themselves in
the middle of the age-old chicken-or-egg question - businesses won't use
strategies that don't work, so is it the industry's responsibility to decide
the boundaries? [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage
1-9 ]
Long-standing questions about prehistoric migration to
America.
Recent work on the problem of
when people first entered the Americas is one example of the value of these new
techniques. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-15]
Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in
Alaska's salmon population.
Catches have not always been
so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, over fishing led to crashes in salmon
populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area.[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 2-19]
Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world
for a number of reasons.
For many environmentalists,
the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main
fears: [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3]
75. The writer quotes from the World Wide Fund for
Nature to illustrate how environmental groups can exaggerate their claims.
Secondly, environmental
groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money
rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-34]
A reason for narrowing the scope of research activity.
They all focus on one aim:
winning. ‘We can't waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that
don't help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,' says Peter
Fricker, chief of science at AIS. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
A difficult landscape
The Canadian Arctic is a
vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-28]
Negative effects on well-being.
While the Inuit may not
actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there
has certainly been an impact on people's health.
[Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-30]
Auckland is hilly and inappropriate for rail transport
system.
"When it comes to other
physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman
accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really
good rail network. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage
1-12]
Avoiding an overcrowded centre.
It found that pushing
everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal
advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around
railway stations. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage
-1-4]
The writer thinks that the declaration 'There is no
bullying at this school” reflected a lack of knowledge and resources.
Until recently, not much was
known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with
bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.
'There is no bullying at this school' has been a common refrain, almost
certainty untrue. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage
3-33]
Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was
almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
When the project began,
Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-32]
Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete
hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.
The efforts to improve the
efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because
most of the motorized vehicles in the district broke down and there were no
resources to repair them. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
2_Passage 3-37]
The 'Headstart' programmer did not succeed in its aim.
A. Despite substantial
funding, results have been disappointing. At the end of each day, 'Headstart'
children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 1-7]
According to researchers, in-the late 1980s there was
a feeling that original expectations of AI may not have been justified.
By the late 1980, the term AI
was being avoided by many researchers who opted instead to align themselves
with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology,
case-based reasoning and so on.'[Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-38]
Brian Waldron claims that nickel sulphide failure is
very unusual.
The glass industry is aware
of the Issue,' says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at tile
Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards
development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far
between. 'It’s a very rare phenomenon,' he says.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-14]
Some receive more criticism than others.
That would matter less if
people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they
do to lobby groups in other fields. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-35]
The benefits of working together in cities.
The explanation for this
seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields
together. The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity
flourishes where people come together face-to-face. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-5]
Ensure targets are realistic.
Regardless of whether goals
are achievable or well within management's perceptions of the employee's
ability, if employees see them as unachievable they will reduce their effort. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-15 ]
Ensure the reward system is fair.
The way rewards are
distributed should be transparent so that employees perceive that rewards or
outcomes are equitable and equal to the inputs given. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-18 ]
Production workers judge promotion to be important.
For example, production
workers rated advancement very highly, whereas clerical workers rated
advancement in the lower third of their list. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-27 ]
In a Japanese pagoda, the Shinbashira stops the floors
moving too far.
The Shinbashira, running up
through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual storey
from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into
it, transmitting energy away along the column.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-11]
Forests are renewable source of raw
material.
At the same time, forests
provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed
production of wood. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
3_Passage 3-29]
The low financial cost of setting up wilderness
tourism makes it attractive to many countries.
The attraction of these areas
is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial
investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 1-4]
Bakelite was unique because it was the first material
to be both entirely , in origin,
and thermosetting.
Others are 'thermosetting',
like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape
is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally
synthetic thermosetting plastic. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1-2]
The writer admits that global warming is a 38 challenge.
One form of pollution - the
release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a
phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact
is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-38]
The effects of material literacy programmers can be
seen very quickly.
'But we thought that even if
we started educating girls today, we'd have to wait a generation for the
pay-off. The Nicaraguan study suggests we may be able to bypass that.' [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-25 ]
An overview of the funded support of athletes.
Another body, the Australian
Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmers of excellence in a total of 96
sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
Easy interior access to top; use as observation post;
Original religious purpose;
The multi- storey pagoda came
to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first
introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese
built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in
later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however,
its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-5-7-9]
ShuzoIshida performs experiments in order to learns
about the dynamics of pagodas.
Mr. Ishida, known to his
students as "Professor Pagoda" because of his passion to understand
the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a "shake
table" in his laboratory.[Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-12]
Floors fitting loosely over each other.
More surprising is the fact
that the individual storey of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts
elsewhere, is not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one
on top of another like a pile of hats. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-10]
The term used to describe hidden costs.
That is mainly because the
costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they
are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a
field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-16]
How AI might have a military impact.
HNC claim that their system,
based on a cluster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles
on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - tasks
humans can do well, but computers cannot.
[Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-27]
Some cyclists' performance improves two percent at the
1996 Olympic Games.
At the Atlanta Olympic Games
in 1996, these sliced as much as two percent off cyclists' and rowers' times. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1]
Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.
Since the early years of the
twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping
records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high
they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects,
Between 1983 and 1990 the numbers of patients visiting
alternative therapists rose to include a further 0.8％of the population
In a 1983 national health
survey, 1.9％of people said they had contacted a chiropractor,
naturopath, osteopath, acupuncturist or herbalist in the two weeks prior to the
survey. By l990, this figure had risen to 2.6% of the population.
The 1990 survey related to 550.000 consultations with
alternative therapists
The 550,000 consultations with
alternative therapists reported in the 1990 survey represented about an eighth
of the total number of consultations with medically qualified personnel covered
by the survey,
Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate
numbers of objects.
Evidence of early stages of
arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of
Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted
one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on
Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying
campaign.
In Norway, after an
intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two
schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3-34 ]
Size of eaves up to half the width of the building.
The roof of a Japanese temple
building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty percent or
more of the building's overall width. [Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 1-8]
Professor Pretty concludes that our 22 are
higher than most people realized, because we make three different types of
payment.
Professor Pretty draws a
simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually
threefold, We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate
ways. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 2-22]
Bullying declined by 50% after an anti-bullying
campaign.
In Norway, after an
intervention campaign was introduced nationally, an evaluation of forty-two
schools suggested that, over a two-year period, bullying was halved. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 3 -34]
The history of Europe has been documented since 3000
BC.
Conventional historical
sources begin only with the introduction of written records around 3000BC in
western Asia, and much later in most other parts of the world.
The book Educating Psyche is mainly concerned with
ways of learning which are not traditional.
Educating Psyche by Bernie
Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing
the effects of emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 3-27]
There was a time limit for its completion.
He did not expect to achieve
complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all
previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-2]
Where the expression AI was first used.
The field was launched, and
the term 'artificial intelligence' coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group
of researchers [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage
3-31]
The film 2001: A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary
ideas about the potential of AI computers.
The 1969 film, 2001 A Space
Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL9000. HAL thus encapsulated
the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-37]
It also seems that these diseases are affecting people
later in life than they did in the past.
He says the problems doctors
accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until
people are 70 or 75. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test
2_Passage 2-16 ]
Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on
its completion.
He was to be paid £.1,575 in
installments and from this he took money to rent Gough Square, in which he set
up his dictionary workshop. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
1_Passage 1]
There is plenty of scientific evidence to support
photoperiodism.
The seasonal impact of day
length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of
experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-27]
John Barry closely examined all the glass in one
building.
John Barry, an expert in
nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analyzed every
glass pane in the building. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
4_Passage 2-17]
Graham Dodd refers to the most extreme case of delayed
failure.
Ironically, says Graham Dodd,
of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass
known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington's
glass research building in Latham Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 2-16]
Employees' earnings should be disclosed to everyone
within the organization.
Eliminating the secrecy
surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration, [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 3_Passage 2-24 ]
Perth is inefficient due to a limited public transport
system.
The study found that the
Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal
public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs.
Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage
1-11]
Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats
because are not used in them.
It is technically incorrect
to talk about bat radar, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-11]
Feeding increasing populations is possible due
primarily to improved irrigation systems.
Food production has kept pace
with soaring populations mainly because of the expansion of artificial
irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world's food. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 2-22]
The spread of tourism in certain hill-regions has
resulted in a fall in the amount of food produced locally.
In some hill-regions, this
has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet
because there is insufficient labor to maintain terraces and irrigation systems
and tend to crops. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage
1-7]
This great variety of languages came about largely as
a result of geographical .
Isolation breeds linguistic
diversity: as a result, the world is peppered with languages spoken by only a
few people.
Clearly, certain diseases are
beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other
contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter
of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better
start in life than their predecessors. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-17]
Long before the invention of radar, had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like
system in bats.
The Sonar and Radar pioneers
didn't know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural
selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years
earlier; [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage 1-10]
Most literate women learnt to
read in primary school, and the fact that a woman has had an education may
simply indicate her family's wealth or that it values its children more highly.
Now a long-term study carried out in Nicaragua has eliminated these factors by
showing that teaching reading to poor adult women, who would otherwise have
remained illiterate, has a direct effect on their children's health and
survival. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-17 ]
In Dr Leake's opinion, the reputation of AI suffered
as a result of changing perceptions.
'If it works, it can't be AI:
as Dr Leake characterizes it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in
this way was that AI came to refer to 'blue-sky' research that was still years
away from commercialization. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test
3_Passage 3-39]
Countries still trade
disproportionately with their geographic neighbors. Over time, however, world
output has shifted into goods whose worth is unrelated to their size and
weight. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 2-17]
For thousands of years they have had to rely on
catching 34 and 35 as a means of sustenance.
Humans first settled in the
Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-34-35]
For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a
struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a
few 37 in recent years,
Life for the descendants of
the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of
rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-37]
Increases in some other illnesses may be due to
changes in personal habits and to 19.
On the downside, the data
also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some
illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing
smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-19 ]
He feels this would help to change the altitudes of
both 26 and .
It could go a long way, he
says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable
system of agriculture[Cambridge Ielts7_Test
2_Passage 2-26]
Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
Having determined the main
transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time
and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of
approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to
transport. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 2_Passage 3-28]
In fact, the farming methods of ants could be said to
be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use methods, they do
not affect the and do not waste .
The farming methods of ants
are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts
of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may
be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.
[Cambridge
Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-11-12-13]
Farmer ants secrete
antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste
to fertilize the crop. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage
1-8-9]
Even more impressively, DNA
analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by
regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighboring ant colonies. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 1-10]
Christy Turner's research involved the examination of
teeth from both prehistoric and modern Americans and Asians
Studies carried out by Turner
of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern,
suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian
populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 3_Passage 2-26]
Additional evidence for theory of
kite-lifting. The Egyptians had ,
which could lift large pieces of ,
and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as .
Harnessing the wind would not
have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are
known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to
bear the weight of massive blocks of stone.
[Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-9-10]
In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were
used in China as weapons, as well as for sending .
And other ancient
civilizations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were
using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 1-13]
The group which had been exposed to unpredictable
noise the group which had been exposed to
predictable noise.
As shown in Table I the
unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than
predictable noise: and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly
more errors on this task than the loud predictable noise. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage 3-33]
Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to
industrialization.
And finally, most forms of
environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are
transient-associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore
best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 3-31]
Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial
intelligence.
Graeme Ritchie, a
computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes
in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning
in machines. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-18]
Orbital prefrontal cortex is
activated-involved with 23.
Then when the punch-line
arrived, a new area sprang to life - the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch
of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating
information. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-23]
Because of the language they have developed, humans
react to their-own thoughts.
All warm-blooded animals make
constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but
humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of
language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own
thoughts. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-25]
Acoma and San
Ildefonso - Produce and sell ;
Navajo and Hopi - Produce and sell .
The Acoma and San IIdefonso
pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo
and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.
Public health experts have known for many years that
there is a connection between child health and maternal literacy.
Children in developing
countries are healthier and more likely to survive past the age of five when
their mothers can read and write. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 4_Passage 2-15]
The growing importance of the middle classes led to an
increased demand for dictionaries.
Beyond the practical need to
make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise
of the English middle class who were anxious to define and circumscribe the
various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 1_Passage 1-8]
Right prefrontal cortex lights up-area of brain linked
to
His scans showed that at the
beginning of a joke the listener's prefrontal cortex lit up; particularly the
right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving.
[Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-21]
Individual responses to humor relate to a person's
subjective view.
Whether a joke gives pleasure
or pain depends on a person's outlook. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-26]
Birds in temperate climates associate longer days with
nesting and the availability of
Thus many temperate-zone
birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting
cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage 3-36]
Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial
intelligence.
Graeme Ritchie, a
computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes
in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning
in machines. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 2-18]
All groups were exposed to the same
amount of noises.
For some subjects, the bursts
were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise): others heard the same
amount of noise overall, but the bursts occurred at random intervals
(unpredictable noise). [Cambridge Ielts7_Test
4_Passage 3-31]
Altitude tents are currently used by both Australians
and their rivals.
At the Atlanta Olympic Games
in 1996, these sliced as much as two percent off cyclists' and rowers' times.
Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the 'altitude tent', developed
by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 1-11]
The reason why AI has become a common topic of
conversation again.
After years in the
wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence' (AI) seems poised to make a
comeback. AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered
public consciousness with the release of AI, a movie about a robot boy. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 3_Passage 3-29]
Many of them have been obliged to give up their 38 lifestyle, but they continue
to depend mainly on 39 for
their food and clothes.
Over the past 40 years, most
have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory's 28 isolated
communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and
clothing. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 1_Passage 3-38-39]
Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be
efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.
Bicycle use was not included
in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly' cities
considered - Amsterdam and Copenhagen - were very efficient, even though their
public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'. [Cambridge Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 1-10]
Although Lozanov's method has become quite well-known,
the results of most other teachers using this method have been unspectacular.
While suggestopedia has
gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few
teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanov and his
associates. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 1_Passage
3-39-40]
Although English was then overtaken by , it developed again in the 19th century
as a direct result of the .
In the following century much
of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European
language of science. However, in the 19th century scientific English again
enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution erected the
need for new technical vocabulary. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test2_Passage 3-29-30]
In Britain, moreover scientists worried that English
had neither the nor the to express their ideas.
First, it lacked the
necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources
required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to
discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between
complex and hypothetical entities. [Cambridge
Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 3-30-31]
Clearly, certain diseases are
beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other
contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of
the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start
in life than their predecessors. [Cambridge
Ielts6_Test 2_Passage 2-17 ]
There is no limit to the photosynthetic rate in plants
such as .
Some plants reach maximal
photosynthesis at one-quarter full sun right, and others, like sugarcane, never
reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light
intensity rises. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 4_Passage
3-39]
In addition, there is some
physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A
wooden artifact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a
modern glider. [Cambridge Ielts7_Test 4_Passage
1-11-12]
Some plastics behave in a similar way to 1 in
that they melt under heat and can be moulded into new forms.
Some are 'thermoplastic',
which means that, like candle wax, they melt when heated and can then be
reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting', like eggs, they cannot revert to their
original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. [Cambridge Ielts5_Test 2_Passage 1-1]
Biomechanics specialists used theoretical models to
explain the Fosbury flop.
Fosbury himself did not know
what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics
specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too
complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own
mathematical simulations.
